CONVENTIONAL ENERGY IN INDIA
ü Conventional sources of energy contribute about 67% of India’s power production
ü Conventional sources include coal, oil and natural gas
ü Thermal energy (coal, oil, gas) is the largest energy source in India
COAL ENERGY IN INDIA
ü India has the fourth largest reserves of coal in the world (behind USA, Russia and China)
ü India is the world’s third largest consumer and fourth largest producer of coal
ü Coal mining in India began at the initiative of Governor General Warren Hastings at Raniganj (West Bengal) in 1774
ü The East India Company set up M/s Sumner and Heatly for coal mining purpose
ü Coal mining was nationalised in 1971 (coking coal) and 1973 (non-coking coal). Only the Tata Iron and Steel Company and Indian Iron and Steel Company were exempt
ü Coal in India is under the purview of the Ministry of Coal
Important coal mines
| Coal mine | Location | Operator | Notes |
| Singareni | Pranahita-Godavari valley (Andhra Pradesh) | Singareni Collieries Company Ltd | Jointly owned by AP govt. (51%) and Union govt. (49%) |
| Neyveli | Tamil Nadu | Neyveli Lignite Corporation | |
| Raniganj | West Bengal | Bharat Coking Coal Limited | |
| Jharia | Jharkhand | Bharat Coking Coal Ltd | Produces bituminous coal suitable for coke, Most of India’s coal comes from Jharia, Largest supplier of prime coke coal used in blast furnaces in India, Jharia is famous for a coal field fire that has burnt underground for nearly a century |
| Talcher | Orissa | Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd | |
| IB Valley | Sambalpur, Orissa | Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd | |
| Korba | Chattisgarh | Southeastern Coalfields Ltd | |
| Wardah | Maharashtra | Western Coalfields Ltd |
Ultra Mega Power Projects
ü Scheme launched by the government to meet National Electricity Policy stipulation of ‘Power for All by 2012′
ü The Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) scheme envisions adding 100,000 MW of installed capacity by 2012
ü This involves construction of super large power plants each of capacity 4000 MW or more. The UMPP power plants will use coal as fuel
ü The nodal agency for implementing the UMPP scheme is the Power Finance Corporation Ltd
List of UMPP projects
| Project location | State | Type of project (coal source) | Awarded to |
| Sasan | Madhya Pradesh | Pit-head (local) | Reliance Power |
| Akaltara | Chhattisgarh | Pit-head (local) | |
| Tilaiya | Jharkhand | Pit-head (local) | Reliance Power |
| Mundra | Gujarat | Coastal (imported) | Tata Power |
| Krishnapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | Coastal (imported) | Reliance Power |
| Girye | Maharashtra | Coastal (imported) | |
| Tadri | Karnataka | Coastal (imported) |
Coal India Ltd. (CIL)
ü Established 1975, headquarters Kolkata
ü CIL is the largest coal miner in the world. It contributes about 85% of India’s coal production
ü Largest corporate employer and second largest employer in India (after Indian Railways)
ü Second largest owner of land in India (after the Indian Railways)
ü Functions under the Ministry of Coal
ü CIL is a Navaratna company
ü CIL has successfully bid for two coal mines in Mozambique and is in the process of formalising the process
ü CIL has eight subsidiaries:
Ø Central Mine Planning & Design Institute, Ranchi
Ø Eastern Coalfield Ltd, Asansol (West Bengal)
Ø Northern Coalfields Ltd., Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh)
Ø Southeastern Coalfields Ltd, Bilaspur (Chattisgarh)
Ø Western Coalfields Ltd, Nagpur
Ø Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd, Sambalpur (Orissa)
Ø Central Coalfields Ltd, Ranchi
Ø Bharat Coking Coal Ltd, Dhanbad (Jharkhand)
Neyveli Lignite Coporation Ltd. (NLC)
ü Established in 1956, headquarters Chennai
ü Functions under the Ministry of Coal
ü Lignite has only about 70% carbon and so produces less energy, but burns without coking and has low ash content
ü The NLC operates the nation’s largest open pit lignite mines
ü NLC operates thermal power plants in addition to three large mines. The Neyveli Thermal Power Stations are India’s first and only lignite fired thermal power stations
ü The Neyveli mines are located on a huge ground water aquifer. The NLC supplies this sweet water is supplied to Chennai city
OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN INDIA
ü India has total crude oil reserves of 775 million metric tonnes and natural gas reserves of 1074 billion cubic metres
ü The primary sources of natural gas in India are the offshore platforms on the western coast. Other sources include onshore fields in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and lesser quantities in Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Rajasthan
ü The largest oil fields in India are the Bombay High offshore fields. Bombay High contributes about 38% of domestic production and 14% of national consumption
ü The largest natural gas reserves have been found to be in the Krishna-Godavari basin. This discovery was made by Reliance Industries in 2002
ü The largest petroleum refinery in India is located at Jamnagar (Gujarat). It is owned by Reliance Petroleum Ltd
ü The oldest petroleum refinery is at Guwahati. It was established in 1962 with assistance from Romania
ü Part of the natural gas produced in Maharashtra is fed into the HBJ national pipeline. Gas from other sources is usually used locally
ü The primary markets for petroleum and natural gas in India include power generation, industrial and domestic fuels, tea plantations, and non-energy applications such as manufacture of fertilizers and petrochemicals
ü The first discovery of oil in India was in Digboi, Assam in 1889
ü Oil and natural gas comes under the purview of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Strategic petroleum reserves
ü Government has decided to set up 5 million metric tonnes of crude oil reserves to ensure energy security. These strategic reserves will be in addition to existing storages at the oil companies
ü These storage facilities are to be established at Mangalore, Vishakapatnam and Padur (near Udipi, Karnataka)
ü Proposed strategic reserves to be under Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd (ISPRL), a Special Purpose Vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board
ü The proposed sites are located in the east and west coasts so that they are readily accessible to refineries through marine route
ü The strategic reserves are to be in underground rock caverns, which are considered to be the safest means of storing hydrocarbons
ü The strategic crude oil reserves are expected to be operational by 2012
Important foreign exploration & production projects of Indian companies
| Project | Location | Type | Executor |
| Rakhine | Myanmar | Natural gas | ONGC, GAIL |
| Sakhalin | Far east Russia | Oil, gas | ONGC |
| Tomsk | Western Siberia, Russia | Oil | ONGC |
| Lan Tay | Vietnam | Gas | ONGC |
| Farsi | Iran | Gas | ONGC, OIL, IOCL |
| Western Desert | Iraq | Oil | ONGC (contract to be renegotiated) |
| Eastern Syria | Syria | Oil | ONGC |
| MTPN | Congo | Oil | ONGC |
| North Ramadan | Egypt | Oil | ONGC |
| North East Mediterranean Deepwater Concession (NEMED) | Egypt | Gas | ONGC |
| Campos Basin | Brazil | Oil | ONGC |
| Mansarovar Energy Project | Colombia | Oil | ONGC |
| San Cristobal Project | Venezuela | Oil | ONGC |
| Muglad Basin | Sudan | Oil | ONGC |
| Greater Nile Oil Project | Sudan | Oil | ONGC |
| Block Shakti | Gabon | OIL, IOCL | |
| Sirte Basin | Libya | OIL, ONGC, IOCL | |
| Ghadames Basin | Libya | OIL, IOCL | |
| Niger Delta | Nigeria | OIL, IOCL | |
| Messila Basin | Yemen | OIL, IOCL |
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
ü Established 1956, headquarters Dehradun
ü The ONGC contributes 77% of India’s oil production and 81% of natural gas production
ü The ONGC is the highest profit making corporation in India (USD 5 billion). It is also the largest Indian company in oil exploration
ü ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) has a presence in 16 countries esp. in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, CIS and the Far East
ü OVL’s first overseas oil exploration project was the Rostam and Raksh oil fields in Iran
ü OVL’s first major oil find was the LanTay and LanDo oil fields in Vietnam
ü Functions under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Oil India Ltd (OIL)
ü OIL is Asia’s oldest petroleum and natural gas company
ü Established 1889, incorporated 1959. Headquarters Noida
ü The predecessor of OIL made the first oil discovery in India 1889
ü OIL’s operations are mostly concentrated in the northeast
ü Functions under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL)
ü It is India’s largest natural gas company
ü Established 1984, headquarters New Delhi
ü GAIL commissioned the 2800 km Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) natural gas pipeline in 1991
ü GAIL set up north India’s only petrochemical at Pata (Uttar Pradesh) in 1999
ü Functions under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH)
ü Established in 1993, office in New Delhi
ü Acts as an advisory and regulatory body for oil and gas exploration and production in India
ü Objectives of the DGH include
Ø Promote sound management of oil and natural gas resources
Ø Develop balanced regard for environment, safety, technology and R&D
ü The DGH is responsible for implementation of New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP), production sharing contracts for oil and gas discoveries, and monitoring and review of reservoir performance of producing fields
ü Functions under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Petroleum refinement
ü There are three public sector enterprises and two private enterprises in petroleum refinement: Indian Oil, Bharat Petroleum, Hindustan Petroleum, Reliance Petroleum and Essar Oil
ü Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) is the largest in petroleum refinement and distribution. It accounts for 47% of petroleum products and 40% of refining capacity
ü The IOCL is also the largest commercial enterprise in India
| Refinery | State | Operator | Notes |
| Digboi | Assam | Indian Oil | India’s oldest refinery (1901) |
| Guwahati | Assam | Indian Oil | First public sector refinery |
| Barauni | Bihar | Indian Oil | |
| Koyali | Gujarat | Indian Oil | |
| Haldia | West Bengal | Indian Oil | |
| Mathura | Uttar Pradesh | Indian Oil | |
| Panipat | Haryana | Indian Oil | |
| Jamnagar | Gujarat | Reliance | Largest refining complex in the world |
| Manali | Tamil Nadu | Indian Oil (Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd) | |
| Bombay High | Maharashtra | Bharat Petroleum | |
| Kochi | Kerala | Bharat Petroleum | |
| Vishakapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | Hindustan Petroleum | |
| Vadinagar | Gujarat | Essar Oil |